TÜRKİYE'DE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR GIDA SİSTEMLERİ: MEVCUT DURUM VE UYGULAMALAR
Özet
Gıda güvenliği ve sürdürülebilirlik, günümüz gıda sistemlerinin karşı karşıya olduğu çevresel, ekonomik, sosyal ve sağlıkla ilişkili sorunların birlikte ele alınmasını gerektiren birbirini tamamlayan iki temel unsurdur (FAO, 2018; HLPE-FSN, 2014; Vagsholm ve ark., 2020). Bu bölümde, gıda güvencesi ve gıda güvenliği kavramları sürdürülebilirlik perspektifinden değerlendirilmiş; gıda sistemlerini tehdit eden temel unsurlar ile sürdürülebilir gıda sistemlerinin oluşturulmasında öne çıkan bileşenler bütüncül bir yaklaşımla incelenmiştir. Gıda güvenliğini tehdit eden unsurlar kapsamında iklim değişikliği, küresel tedarik zinciri kırılganlıkları, lojistik riskler, gıda kayıpları ve israfı ile sosyoekonomik eşitsizlikler ele alınmıştır (Clapp ve ark., 2022; IPCC, 2022b; OECD ve FAO, 2023; FAO, 2024a). COVID-19 pandemisi ve Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı gibi küresel krizlerin gıda tedarik zincirlerinde oluşturduğu kırılganlıklar da değerlendirilerek dayanıklı gıda sistemlerinin gerekliliği ortaya konulmuştur (FAO, 2024a). Sürdürülebilir gıda sistemlerinin temel bileşenleri kapsamında iyi tarım uygulamaları, iyi hijyen ve iyi üretim uygulamaları, HACCP, gıda kayıpları ve israfının azaltılması, enerji verimliliği ve karbon ayak izinin azaltılması, güvenli depolama ve dağıtım, dijitalleşme, izlenebilirlik ve kaynakların sürdürülebilir kullanımı ele alınmıştır (Spang ve ark., 2019; Yontar ve Ersöz, 2020; IPCC, 2022a; FAO ve WHO, 2023; FAO, 2024b, 2025). Türkiye özelinde ise gıda güvenliğinin yasal ve kurumsal yapısı, resmî kontroller, risk esaslı denetim, izlenebilirlik, dijital gıda güvenliği uygulamaları, taklit ve tağşişle mücadele, gıda okuryazarlığı, gıda kayıplarının azaltılması, sürdürülebilir tarımsal üretim, su ve toprak kaynaklarının korunması ile Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve Türkiye’nin Yeşil Mutabakat Eylem Planı kapsamında yürütülen uygulamalar değerlendirilmiştir (Anonim, 2010; T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı 2021; Özkan ve Capanoglu, 2022 ve TOB, 2020, 2021, 2023a, 2023b, 2024, 2025, 2026a, 2026b, 2026c ). Sonuç olarak sürdürülebilir ve dayanıklı gıda sistemlerinin yalnızca yeterli miktarda gıda üretimine değil; güvenli ve besleyici gıdaya erişim, doğal kaynakların korunması, iklim değişikliğine uyum, gıda kayıplarının azaltılması, ekonomik ve sosyal sürdürülebilirlik, teknolojik yenilik ve etkin yönetişimin birlikte sağlanmasına bağlı olduğu ortaya konulmuştur (HLPE-FSN, 2014; FAO, 2018, 2024b, 2026). Türkiye açısından ise risk temelli gıda güvenliği uygulamalarının güçlendirilmesi, tedarik zincirlerinin dayanıklılığının artırılması, su ve toprak kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir yönetimi, gıda kayıplarının azaltılması, dijital izlenebilirliğin geliştirilmesi ve sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerinin gıda politikalarına bütüncül biçimde entegre edilmesi önem taşımaktadır
Anahtar Kelimeler: gıda güvenliği, güvenilir gıda, sürdürülebilir gıda sistemleri
Konu Alanı: Mühendislik -> Mühendislik (diğer) -> Gıda Bilimleri ve Mühendisliği
Kaynaklar
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