TARIMDA NEMATİSİT KULLANIMININ İNSAN SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
Özet
Bitki paraziti nematodlar, tarımsal üretimde önemli verim ve kalite kayıplarına yol açmakta; bu nedenle nematisitler özellikle yoğun üretim sistemlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Nematisitler ise fiziksel özellikleri, etki mekanizmaları, uygulama biçimleri ve toksikolojik profilleri birbirinden farklı çok sayıda etkin maddeyi kapsamaktadır. Bu bölümde tarımsal nematisit kullanımının insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri, son otuz yılda yayımlanan bilimsel çalışmalar ve resmî risk değerlendirmeleri temelinde incelenmiştir. Toprak fumigantları, organofosfatlar, karbamatlar ve yeni nesil seçici nematisitler; maruziyet yolları, akut toksisite, uzun süreli sağlık etkileri, gıda kalıntıları ve çevresel yayılım bakımından karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular, uçucu fumigantlarda solunum yoluyla maruziyetin; organofosfat ve karbamatlarda ise asetilkolinesterazın baskılanmasına bağlı kolinerjik zehirlenmenin başlıca sağlık sorunları olduğunu göstermektedir. Uzun süreli maruziyetin kanser, nörolojik bozukluklar, solunum sistemi hastalıkları ve üreme-gelişim sonuçlarıyla ilişkisine yönelik bulgular bulunmakla birlikte, birden fazla pestisite eş zamanlı maruziyet ve kişisel maruziyet ölçümlerindeki yetersizlikler nedensel yorumları sınırlandırmaktadır. Gıdada kalıntı saptanması tek başına sağlık riski anlamına gelmemekte; riskin kalıntı miktarı, tüketim düzeyi ve sağlık temelli kılavuz değerler birlikte değerlendirilerek belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Yeni nesil ürünler önceki bileşiklere göre daha düşük risk sağlayabilse de uzun süreli bağımsız insan verilerinin sınırlı olması izlem gereksinimini sürdürmektedir. Çocuklar, gebeler, kronik hastalığı bulunanlar, tarım çalışanları ve uygulama alanlarına yakın yaşayan topluluklar, duyarlı gruplar olarak risk değerlendirmelerinde özellikle dikkate alınmalıdır. Sonuç olarak insan sağlığının korunması; ruhsatlı ürün kullanımı, etikete uygun doz, kişisel koruyucu donanım, yeniden giriş süreleri, tampon bölgeler, çalışan eğitimi ve düzenli sağlık gözetiminin birlikte uygulanmasına bağlıdır. Kimyasal nematisitler, dayanıklı çeşitler, ürün rotasyonu, biyolojik mücadele ve düzenli nematod izlemesini içeren bütünleşik yönetim programlarında son seçenek olarak kullanılmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mesleki maruziyet; pestisit toksikolojisi; gıda kalıntıları; sağlık riski değerlendirmesi; entegre mücadele
Konu Alanı: Biyoloji -> Biyoloji (diğer) -> Toksikoloji
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