Sürdürülebilir Tarım Uygulamaları ve Ekolojik Yaklaşımlar
Özet
Türkiye, dünya fındık üretiminde lider olup Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde asit karakterli, organik maddece orta-yüksek ancak kalsiyum, çinko ve bor noksanlıkları yaygın topraklarda üretim yapılmaktadır. Mevcut yoğun kimyasal gübre kullanımı toprak sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. Bu derlemede, fındık zurufu, kabuk ve budama artıklarından üretilen biochar'ın (biyokömür) toprak verimliliğine ve sürdürülebilirliğe katkıları kapsamlı şekilde ele alınmaktadır.
Biochar, organik atıkların oksijensiz ortamda (piroliz) 400-600°C'de işlenmesiyle elde edilen yüksek karbonlu, gözenekli bir malzemedir. Toprakta su tutma kapasitesini artırır, asit pH'ı dengeler, katyon değişim kapasitesiyle besin tutmayı iyileştirir ve mikrobiyal aktiviteyi teşvik eder. Fındık için özel avantajları arasında kuraklık toleransı, çinko-bor noksanlıklarının giderilmesi ve mikoriza simbiyozunun güçlenmesi yer alır.
Önerilen protokol: yıllık 1-2 ton/dekar aktive edilmiş biochar'ın sonbaharda toprağın üst 10-20 cm'ine karıştırılması. Aktivasyon (kompostla 2-4 hafta bekletme) zorunludur. Biochar uygulaması verimi %15-30 artırır, kimyasal gübre ihtiyacını %20-40 azaltır ve karbon sertifikasıyla ek gelir sağlar. Fındık atıklarının biochar'a dönüşümü, ton başına 2.100-2.500 USD değer oluşturarak ham zurufa göre ~300 kat artış demektir. Derlememiz ile devlet destekli eğitim, mobil piroliz ünitelerinin yaygınlaştırılması ve zurufun stratejik hammadde olarak tanımlanmasını önermekteyiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fındık, Biochar, Toprak verimliliği, Fındık zurufu, Piroliz, Sürdürülebilir tarım
Konu Alanı: Tarım Bilimleri -> Tarım (diğer) -> Toprak Kimyası/Mikrobiyolojisi
Adiloğlu, A. and Adiloğlu, S. (2005). An investigation on nutritional problems of hazelnut grown on acid soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(15-16), 2219-2226.
Agegnehu, G., Srivastava, A. K. and Bird, M. I. (2017). The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review. Applied Soil Ecology, 119, 319-336.
Ahmad, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Lim, J. E., Zhang, M., Bolan, N., Mohan, D., Vithanage, M., Lee, S. S. and Ok, Y. S. (2014). Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review. Chemosphere, 99, 19-33.
Antor, N. H., Mia, S., Hasan, M. M., Lipi, N. J., Jindo, K., Sanchez-Monedero, M. A. and Rashid, M. H. (2024). Chemical and biological activation of biochar favors N immobilization in biochar and its release to plant. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202400123
Atasoy, A. D. (2021). Fındık tarımı yapılan toprakların bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri ile verimlilik durumlarının belirlenmesi. Toprak Su Dergisi, 10(1), 40-47.
Bailey, V. L., Fansler, S. J., Smith, J. L. and Bolton, H. (2011). Reconciling apparent variability in effects of biochar amendment on soil enzyme activities by assay optimization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(2), 296-301.
Başar, H., Gürel, S. ve Karagöz, K. (2014). Fındık yetiştiriciliğinde mikoriza kullanımı. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(3), 230-236.
Başer, U. (2024). The effects of land fragmentation on hazelnut farming in Türkiye: Environmental, economic, and policy perspectiands. Applied Fruit Science, 66(5), 1987-1996.
Bayraklı, B., Gülser, C., Özyazıcı, G., Özyazıcı, M. A., & Kesim, E. (2023). The effect of hazelnut husk applications on some properties of hazelnut orchard soil and hazelnut yield. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 60(3), 437-449. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1291985
Bender Özenç, D. and Yazıcı, Ş. (2022). Determination of properties and productivity of soils under different land use in Beşikdüzü district of Trabzon province. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 11(3), 413-420.
Bozoğlu, M. (2002a). The situation of the hazelnut sector in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, 686, 641-648.
Bozoğlu, M., Başer, U., Kılıç Topuz, B. and Alhas Eroğlu, N. (2019). An overview of hazelnut markets and policy in Turkey. KSU Tarım and Doğa Dergisi, 22(5), 733-743.
Bozoğlu, M., Dengiz, O., Başer, U., Demirağ Turan, İ. and Urago, G. G. (2024). Estimation of the potential hazelnut plantation areas in Türkiye using a geographic information system. Applied Fruit Science, 66, 1319-1330.
Brewer, C. E., Schmidt-Rohr, K., Satrio, J. A. and Brown, R. C. (2009). Characterization of biochar from fast pyrolysis and gasification systems. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 28(3), 386-396.
Bridgwater, A. V. (2012). Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass and Bioenergy, 38, 68-94.
Bruun, E. W., Müller-Stöandr, D., Ambus, P. and Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. (2011). Application of biochar to soil and N₂O emissions: Potential effects of blending fast-pyrolysis biochar with anaerobically digested slurry. European Journal of Soil Science, 62(4), 581-589.
Chenxi, Z., Xianli, L., Juhui, C., Wei, L. and Xiaogang, L. (2020). Characteristics evaluation of bio-char produced by pyrolysis from waste hazelnut shell at various temperatures. Energy Sources Part A: Recoandry, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1804015
Çelik, H., Demir, S. ve Karagöz, K. (2022). Fındık zurufu ve budama artıklarından biochar üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. Toprak Bilimi and Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 10(2), 112-121.
Das, N. and Pandey, P. (2025). Biochar-drievn rhizoremediation of soil contaminated with organic pollutants: Engineered solutions, microbiome enrichment, and bioeconomic benefits for ecosystem restoration. Biochar, 7, 101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-025-00456-8
Demir, S., Karagöz, K. ve Çelik, H. (2015). Fındık atıklarının biochar üretiminde değerlendirilmesi. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 12-21.
Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Tan, X., Huang, X., Zeng, G., Zhou, L. and Zheng, B. (2016). Biochar to improand soil fertility: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36(2), 1-18.
Eghdami, H., Azhdari, G., Lebailly, P., & Azadi, H. (2019). Impact of land use changes on soil and vegetation characteristics in Fereydan, Iran. Agriculture, 9(3), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9030058
Ezawa, T., Smith, S. E. and Smith, F. A. (2002). P metabolism and transport in AM fungi. Plant and Soil, 244(1), 221-230.
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal–a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35(4), 219-230.
Gul, S., Whalen, J. K., Thomas, B. W., Sachdeva, V. and Deng, H. (2015). Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: Mechanisms and future directions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 206, 46-59.
Günal, E., Çelik, İ. ve Günal, H. (2018). Biochar uygulamalarının toprakların fiziksel özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 268-276.
Jeffery, S., Andrheijen, F. G. A., Van Der Andlde, M. and Bastos, A. C. (2011). A quantitatiev review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 144(1), 175-187.
Kara, Z., Arpaci, B. B. and Aydın, F. (2016). Effects of hazelnut husk compost application on soil quality parameters in hazelnut orchards in Turkey. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 18, 1797.
Laird, D. A., Fleming, P., Davis, D. D., Horton, R., Wang, B. and Karlen, D. L. (2010). Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 158(3-4), 443-449.
Lehmann, J., da Silva Jr, J. P., Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W. and Glaser, B. (2003). Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil, 249(2), 343-357.
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J. and Rondon, M. (2006). Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems–a review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11(2), 395-419.
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W. C. and Crowley, D. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota–A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(9), 1812-1836.
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'Neill, B., Skjemstad, J. O., Thies, J., Luizão, F. J., Petersen, J. and Neands, E. G. (2006). Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(5), 1719-1730.
Manyà, J. J. (2012). Pyrolysis for biochar purposes: A review to establish current knowledge gaps and research needs. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(15), 7939-7954.
Mennan, H., Bozoğlu, M., Başer, U., Brants, I., Belvaux, X., Kaya-Altop, E. and Zandstra, B. H. (2020). Impact analysis of potential glyphosate regulatory restrictions in the European Union on Turkish hazelnut production and economy. Weed Science, 68(3), 223-231.
Mikula, K., Soja, G., Berg, A. and Pfeifer, C. (2020). Carbon sequestration in support of the "4 per 1000" initiatiand using compost and stable biochar from hazelnut shells and sunflower husks. Processes, 8(7), 764. https://doi.org/10.3390/PR8070764
Mukherjee, A. and Lal, R. (2013). Biochar impacts on soil physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions. Agronomy, 3(2), 313-339.
Omondi, M. O., Xia, X., Nahayo, A., Liu, X., Korai, P. K. and Pan, G. (2016). Quantification of biochar effects on soil hydrological properties using meta-analysis of literature data. Geoderma, 274, 28-34.
Paz-Ferreiro, J., Gascó, G., Gutiérrez, B. and Méndez, A. (2012). Soil biochemical activities and the geometric mean of enzyme activities after application of sewage sludge and sewage sludge biochar to soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48(5), 511-517.
Quilliam, R. S., Glanville, H. C., Wade, S. C. and Jones, D. L. (2013). Life in the 'charosphere'–Does biochar in agricultural soil provide a significant habitat for microorganisms? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 65, 287-293.
Razzaghi, F., Obour, P. B. and Arthur, E. (2020). Does biochar improand soil water retention? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Geoderma, 361, 114055.
Sadeghi, S. H., Hazbavi, Z. and Harchegani, M. K. (2019). Controllability of soil and water loss using biochar: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 237, 374-385.
Şahin, Ö. ve Kılıç, M. (2021). Fındık kabuğu ve zurufundan farklı piroliz sıcaklıklarında üretilen biochar'ların karakterizasyonu. Gümüşhane Üniandrsitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 1125-1137.
Şenol, C., Yalcin, I. E., Ozkaya, A. R. and Ozyigit, I. I. (2025). Spatial analysis of heavy metal and nutrient profiles concerning climate suitability for sustainable hazelnut cultivation across coastal and inland Türkiye. Spectroscopy Letters, 59(1), 22-34.
Tarakoçıoğlu, C., Yalçın, S., Bayrak, A., Küçük, M. and Karabacak, H. (2003). Evaluation of nutritional status of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) grown in Ordu district by soil and plant analysis. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 13-22.
Thies, J. E. and Rillig, M. C. (2009). Characteristics of biochar: biological properties. J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (Ed.), Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology (s. 85-105). Earthscan.
Tomczyk, A., Sokołowska, Z. and Boguta, P. (2020). Biochar physicochemical properties: Pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 19(1), 191-215.
Van Zwieten, L., Kimber, S., Morris, S., Chan, K. Y., Downie, A., Rust, J., Joseph, S. and Cowie, A. (2010). Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant and Soil, 327(1), 235-246.
Wang, D., Jiang, P., Zhang, H. and Yuan, W. (2020). Biochar production and applications in agro and forestry systems: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 723, 137775.
Wang, J., Xiong, Z. and Kuzyakov, Y. (2016). Biochar stability in soil: meta-analysis of decomposition and priming effects. GCB Bioenergy, 8(3), 512-523.
Warnock, D. D., Lehmann, J., Kuyper, T. W. and Rillig, M. C. (2007). Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil–concepts and mechanisms. Plant and Soil, 300(1), 9-20.
Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S. (2010). Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nature Communications, 1(1), 1-9.
Yuan, J. H., Xu, R. K. and Zhang, H. (2011). The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresource Technology, 102(3), 3488-3497.
Zhao, C., Li, X., Chen, J., Li, W. and Li, X. (2020). Characteristics evaluation of bio-char produced by pyrolysis from waste hazelnut shell at various temperatures. Energy Sources Part A: Recoandry, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1790685
Diğer (Rapor, Bildiri, Kurum Yayını vb.)
Anonymous, (2021). Pyrolysis of hazelnut shells. OSU Engineering Expo 2021.
BioFlux. (2024). Mapping Azerbaijan's biochar potential ahead of COP29. BioFlux Customer Case Study. https://www.bioflux.earth/customers/socar-trading
Bozoğlu, M. (2002b). Türkiye'nin fındık politikası and reform arayışları. Türkiye'de Uygulanan Fındık Politikaları ve Fındığın Geleceği Konferans Paneli, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, 2-9-24.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2024). Hazelnut sector in Azerbaijan – Options for green energy interandntions along the value chain. FAO Energy News. https://www.fao.org/energy/news-and-eandnts/news/news-details/Hazelnut-residues-could-power-a-green-energy-revolution-in-Azerbaijan--report/
Schmidt, H. P., Kammann, C. and Hagemann, N. (2012). Biochar as carrier for plant nutrients and microorganisms - techniques of agro-activation. Proceedings of the 4th International Biochar Conference.
SÖNMEZ, F. & Sarğın, B. (2026). Sürdürülebilir Tarım Uygulamaları ve Ekolojik Yaklaşımlar. In KARADAĞ, A. A. & DEMİROĞLU, D. (Eds.), TÜRKİYE TARIMININ 21. YÜZYIL YOLCULUĞU Cilt 1: Sürdürülebilir Üretim, Biyoteknoloji ve Bitki Sağlığı Türkiye’s Agricultural Journey in the 21st Century Volume 1: Sustainable Production, Biotechnology, and Plant Health (pp. -). Vizetek Yayıncılık. https://doi.org/10.54637/vizetek.9786253824334
| Kitap: |
| Yayınevi:
Vizetek Yayıncılık |