BOQ - Kitap Yönetim Sistemi
Kitap Bölümü

SARKOPENİ VE DİYET MODELLERİ: KAS SAĞLIĞININ KORUNMASINDA GÜNCEL BESLENME YAKLAŞIMLARI

Hatice Tuğçe Berberoğlu
Ar. Gör., KTO Karatay Üniversitesi
Nazlı Nur Aslan Çin
Doçent Dr., Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi
Erişim Durumu
Özel Erişim
Yayınlanma Tarihi
30 June 2026
Sayfa Sayısı
334-356
DOI

Özet

Sarkopeni, yaşlanma süreciyle ilişkili olarak ortaya çıkan ve kas kütlesi, kas gücü ile fiziksel performansta azalma ile karakterize önemli bir geriatrik sendromdur. Toplumda görülme sıklığı değişkenlik göstermekle birlikte, ileri yaşlarda ve kanser, diyabet, karaciğer hastalığı ile böbrek yetmezliği gibi kronik hastalıkların varlığında prevalansı artmaktadır. Sarkopeninin önlenmesi ve yönetiminde değiştirilebilir risk faktörlerinden biri olan beslenme, son yıllarda artan ilgi görmektedir. Bununla birlikte, sağlıklı diyet örüntülerinin kas sağlığı üzerindeki olumlu etkilerini destekleyen bulgular bulunmasına rağmen, mevcut kanıtlar henüz kesin sonuçlar ortaya koyamamaktadır. Bu bölümde, farklı diyet modellerinin sarkopeninin gelişimi ve ilerlemesi üzerindeki etkileri güncel literatür ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, sağlıklı ve dengeli beslenme örüntülerinin kas kütlesi, kas gücü ve fiziksel performansın korunmasına katkı sağlayarak sarkopeni riskini azaltabileceğini, Batı tarzı beslenme modelinin ise risk artışıyla ilişkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak mevcut çalışmaların metodolojik farklılıkları ve kanıtların heterojen yapısı nedeniyle, diyet modellerinin sarkopeni üzerindeki etkilerini daha net ortaya koyabilmek için uzun dönemli ve iyi tasarlanmış araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Diyet modelleri, sağlıklı yaşlanma, sarkopeni

Konu Alanı: Biyoloji -> Biyoloji (diğer) -> Beslenme

Bu Bölüme Atıf Yap
N/A

Andreo-López, M. C., Contreras-Bolívar, V., García-Fontana, B., García-Fontana, C., & Muñoz-Torres, M. (2023). The influence of the Mediterranean dietary pattern on osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Nutrients, 15(14), 3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143224

Bahat, G., Yilmaz, O., KiliÃ, C., Oren, M. M., & Karan, M. A. (2018). Performance of SARC-F in regard to sarcopenia definitions, muscle mass and functional measures. The Journal of nutrition, health and aging, 22(8), 898-903. https:/doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1067-8

Bai, A., Xu, W., Liang, Y., Jiang, Y., & Lin, Z. (2023). Dietary patterns from mid-through later-life in relation to sarcopenia risk over 20 years among Chinese community-dwelling oldest old individuals. Clinical Nutrition, 42(12), 2569-2577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.10.020

Barrea, L., de Alteriis, G., Muscogiuri, G., Vetrani, C., Verde, L., Camajani, E., Aprano, S., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2022). Impact of a very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on changes in handgrip strength in women with obesity. Nutrients, 14(19), 4213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194213

Barrea, L., Muscogiuri, G., Di Somma, C., Tramontano, G., De Luca, V., Illario, M., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2019). Association between Mediterranean diet and hand grip strength in older adult women. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2), 721-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.012

Borowicz-Reutt, K., Krawczyk, M., & Czernia, J. (2024). Ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy. Nutrients, 16(9), 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091258

Chan, R., Leung, J., & Woo, J. (2016). A prospective cohort study to examine the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia in Chinese community-dwelling older people in Hong Kong. Journal of the American medical directors association, 17(4), 336-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.12.004

Chen, F., Xu, S., Cao, L., Wang, Y., Tian, H., Hu, J., Wang, Z., & Wang, D. (2021). A lacto-ovo-vegetarian dietary pattern is protective against sarcopenic obesity: A cross-sectional study of elderly Chinese people. Nutrition, 91, 111386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111386

Craddick, S. R., Elmer, P. J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W. M., Svetkey, L. P., & Swain, M. C. (2003). The DASH diet and blood pressure. Current atherosclerosis reports, 5(6), 484-491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-003-0039-5

Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Cooper, C., Landi, F., Rolland, Y., Saer, A. A., Schneider, S. M., Sieber, C.C., Topinkova, E., Vandewouda, M., Visser, M., Zamboni, M., Writing Group fort he European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (WGSOP2) & the Extended Group for EWGSOP2. (2019). Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age and ageing, 48(4), 601. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz046

Davis, J. A., Mohebbi, M., Collier, F., Loughman, A., Staudacher, H., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., Pasco, J. A., & Jacka, F. N. (2021). The role of diet quality and dietary patterns in predicting muscle mass and function in men over a 15-year period. Osteoporosis International, 32(11), 2193-2203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-06012-3

Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S. S., & Ceglia, L. (2008). Alkaline diets favor lean tissue mass in older adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(3), 662-665. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.3.662

Deldicque, L., Theisen, D., & Francaux, M. (2005). Regulation of mTOR by amino acids and resistance exercise in skeletal muscle. European journal of applied physiology, 94(1-2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1255-6

Dominguez, L. J., Veronese, N., Smith, L., Ragusa, F. S., Schirò, P., Di Bella, G., & Barbagallo, M. (2025). Associations between adherence to the mediterranean diet and incident sarcopenia in prospective cohort studies. Nutrients, 17(2), 313. https.//doi.org/10.3390/nu17020313

Fekete, M., Szarvas, Z., Fazekas-Pongor, V., Feher, A., Csipo, T., Forrai, J., Dosa, N., Peterfi, A., Lehoczki, A., Tarantini, S., & Varga, J. T. (2022). Nutrition strategies promoting healthy aging: from improvement of cardiovascular and brain health to prevention of age-associated diseases. Nutrients, 15(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010047

Gajda, R., Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M., Raczkowska, E., Rak, K., Szymala-Pędzik, M., Noculak, Ł., & Sobieszczańska, M. (2024). Association of dietary patterns, suspected sarcopenia, and frailty syndrome among older adults in poland—a cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 16(18), 3090. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183090

Granic, A., Jagger, C., Davies, K., Adamson, A., Kirkwood, T., Hill, T. R., Siervvo, M., Mathers, J. C., & Sayer, A. A. (2016). Effect of dietary patterns on muscle strength and physical performance in the very old: findings from the Newcastle 85+ study. PloS one, 11(3), e0149699. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149699

Granic, A., Mendonça, N., Sayer, A. A., Hill, T. R., Davies, K., Siervo, M., Mathers, J. C., & Jagger, C. (2020). Effects of dietary patterns and low protein intake on sarcopenia risk in the very old: the Newcastle 85+ study. Clinical nutrition, 39(1), 166-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.009

Granic, A., Sayer, A. A., & Robinson, S. M. (2019). Dietary patterns, skeletal muscle health, and sarcopenia in older adults. Nutrients, 11(4), 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040745

Granic, A., Sayer, A. A., Cooper, R., & Robinson, S. M. (2025). Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of skeletal muscle ageing and sarcopenia: a single nutrient, a whole food and a whole diet approach. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 84(4), 340-355. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665124007432

Harris, S., DePalma, J., & Barkoukis, H. (2025). Protein and aging: practicalities and practice. Nutrients, 17(15), 2461. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152461

Hashemi, R., Motlagh, A. D., Heshmat, R., Esmaillzadeh, A., Payab, M., Yousefinia, M., Siassi, F., Pasalar P., & Baygi, F. (2015). Diet and its relationship to sarcopenia in community dwelling Iranian elderly: a cross sectional study. Nutrition, 31(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.05.003

Huang, R., Hu, J., Li, Y., Yang, S., Li, X., Hou, T., Nşng, Z., Ma, C., Yuan, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, T., & Wang, D. (2024). Lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet is inversely associated with the osteosarcopenia in older adults. BMC geriatrics, 24(1), 332. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-04959-6

Huang, Y., Zeng, M., Zhang, L., Shi, J., Yang, Y., Liu, F., Sun, L., & Xiao, L. (2022). Dietary inflammatory potential is associated with sarcopenia among chronic kidney disease population. Frontiers in nutrition, 9, 856726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.856726

Inchingolo, F., Dipalma, G., Guglielmo, M., Palumbo, I., Campanelli, M., Inchingolo, A. D., de Ruvo, E., Palermo, A., Di Venere, D., & Inchingolo, A. M. (2024). Correlation between vegetarian diet and oral health: a systematic review. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 28, 2127-2143. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202403_35716

Inoshita, H., Asaoka, D., Matsuno, K., Yanagisawa, N., Suzuki, Y., & Miyauchi, K. (2023). Cross-sectional study on the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease receiving conservative treatment. Nutrients, 15(23), 4994. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234994

Isanejad, M., Sirola, J., Mursu, J., Rikkonen, T., Kröger, H., Tuppurainen, M., & Erkkilä, A. T. (2018). Association of the Baltic Sea and Mediterranean diets with indices of sarcopenia in elderly women, OSPTRE-FPS study. European journal of nutrition, 57(4), 1435-1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1422-2

Jakše, B., Pinter, S., Jakše, B., Bučar Pajek, M., & Pajek, J. (2017). Effects of an Ad Libitum Consumed Low‐Fat Plant‐Based Diet Supplemented with Plant‐Based Meal Replacements on Body Composition Indices. BioMed Research International, 2017(1), 9626390. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9626390

Kim, J. W., & Yang, S. J. (2025). Dietary patterns, kidney function, and sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients, 17(3), 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030404

Kiuchi, Y., Doi, T., Tsutsumimoto, K., Nakakubo, S., Kurita, S., Nishimoto, K., Makizao, H., & Shimada, H. (2023). Association between dietary diversity and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. Nutrition, 106, 111896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111896

Li, C., Kang, B., Zhang, T., Gu, H., Song, P., Chen, J.,Wang, X., Xu, B., Zhao, W., & Zhang, J. (2020). Dietary pattern and dietary energy from fat associated with sarcopenia in community-dwelling older Chinese people: a cross-sectional study in three regions of China. Nutrients, 12(12), 3689. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123689

Liguori, I., Russo, G., Curcio, F., Bulli, G., Aran, L., Della-Morte, D., Gargiuo, G., Testa, G., Cacciatore, F., Bonaduce, D., & Abete, P. (2018). Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clinical interventions in aging, 757-772. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513

Liu, D., Wang, S., Liu, S., Wang, Q., Che, X., & Wu, G. (2024). Frontiers in sarcopenia: advancements in diagnostics, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Molecular aspects of medicine, 97, 101270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2024.101270

Mayhew, A. J., Amog, K., Phillips, S., Parise, G., McNicholas, P. D., De Souza, R. J., Thabane, L., & Raina, P. (2019). The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Age and ageing, 48(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy106

Mohseni, R., Abdollahi, A., Yekaninejad, M. S., Maghbooli, Z., & Mirzaei, K. (2016). Concurrent association of dietary pattern and physical activity with sarcopenia in menopausal women. Journal of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 2(3).

Mohseni, R., Aliakbar, S., Abdollahi, A., Yekaninejad, M. S., Maghbooli, Z., & Mirzaei, K. (2017). Relationship between major dietary patterns and sarcopenia among menopausal women. Aging clinical and experimental research, 29(6), 1241-1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-016-0721-4

Montiel-Rojas, D., Nilsson, A., Santoro, A., Franceschi, C., Bazzocchi, A., Battista, G., de Groot, L. C. P. M., Feskens, E. J. M., Berendson, A., Pietruszka, B. Januszko, O., Fairweather-Tait, S., Jennings, A., Nicoletti, C., & Kadi, F. (2020). Dietary fibre may mitigate sarcopenia risk: findings from the NU-AGE cohort of older European adults. Nutrients, 12(4), 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041075

Morris, M. C., Tangney, C. C., Wang, Y., Sacks, F. M., Barnes, L. L., Bennett, D. A., & Aggarwal, N. T. (2015). MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimer's & dementia, 11(9), 1015-1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011

Nakao, R., Abe, T., Yamamoto, S., & Oishi, K. (2019). Ketogenic diet induces skeletal muscle atrophy via reducing muscle protein synthesis and possibly activating proteolysis in mice. Scientific reports, 9(1), 19652. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56166-8

Nikkhah, A., Ejtahed, H. S., Ettehad Marvasti, F., Taghavi, M., Pakmehr, A., Hajipour, F., & Larijani, B. (2023). The critical role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in skeletal muscle wasting: a systematic review. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 134(1), lxac014. https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxac014

Pan, L., Xie, W., Fu, X., Lu, W., Jin, H., Lai, J., Zhang, A., Yu, Y., Li, Y., & Xiao, W. (2021). Inflammation and sarcopenia: a focus on circulating inflammatory cytokines. Experimental Gerontology, 154, 111544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111544

Papadopoulou, S. K., Detopoulou, P., Voulgaridou, G., Tsoumana, D., Spanoudaki, M., Sadikou, F., Papadopoulou, V. G., Zidrou, C., Chatziprodromidou, I. P., Giaginis, C., & Nikolaidis, P. (2023). Mediterranean diet and sarcopenia features in apparently healthy adults over 65 years: a systematic review. Nutrients, 15(5), 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051104

Park, S. B., & Yang, S. J. (2024). Ketogenic diet preserves muscle mass and strength in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. PLoS One, 19(1), e0296651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296651

Pasdar, Y., Moradi, S., Saedi, S., Moradinazar, M., Rahmani, N., Hamzeh, B., & Najafi, F. (2022). Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet in relation to age-associated poor muscle strength; a cross-sectional study from the Kurdish cohort study. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16120-7

Pathak, S. J., Zhou, Z., Steffen, D., Tran, T., Ad, Y., Ramsey, J. J., Rutkowsky, J. M., & Baar, K. (2022). 2‐month ketogenic diet preferentially alters skeletal muscle and augments cognitive function in middle aged female mice. Aging Cell, 21(10), e13706. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13706

Perry, C. A., Van Guilder, G. P., & Butterick, T. A. (2022). Decreased myostatin in response to a controlled DASH diet is associated with improved body composition and cardiometabolic biomarkers in older adults: Results from a controlled-feeding diet intervention study. BMC nutrition, 8(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-022-00516-9

Petermann‐Rocha, F., Balntzi, V., Gray, S. R., Lara, J., Ho, F. K., Pell, J. P., & Celis‐Morales, C. (2022). Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 13(1), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12783

Rosenberg, I. H. (1997). Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. The Journal of nutrition, 127(5), 990S-991S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.5.990S

Sacar, D. E., Kilic, C., Karan, M. A., & Bahat, G. (2021). Ability of SARC-F to find probable sarcopenia cases in older adults. The Journal of nutrition, health and aging, 25(6), 757-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1617-3

Sahin, U. K., Tozluoglu, E. Y., Durdu, H., Korkmaz, N., Bahar, N. T., & Yavuz, E. (2022). Screening for frailty and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study from the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Aging clinical and experimental research, 34(9), 2047-2056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-022-02164-2

Severino, A., Tohumcu, E., Tamai, L., Dargenio, P., Porcari, S., Rondinella, D., Ventturini, I., Maida, M., Gasbarrini, A., Cammarota, G., & Ianiro, G. (2024). The microbiome-driven impact of western diet in the development of noncommunicable chronic disorders. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 72, 101923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2024.101923

Shahinfar, H., Safabakhsh, M., Babaei, N., Ebaditabar, M., Davarzani, S., Amini, M. R., & Shab-Bidar, S. (2020). Association of major dietary patterns with muscle strength and muscle mass index in middle-aged men and women: Results from a cross-sectional study. Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 39, 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.06.010

Soltani, S., Hashemi, R., Heshmat, R., Motlagh, A. D., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2020). Association of dietary approaches to stop hypertension eating style and risk of sarcopenia. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 19339. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76452-0

Souza, A. C. R., Vasconcelos, A. R., Dias, D. D., & Komoni, G. (2023). The integral role of magnesium in muscle integrity and aging: a comprehensive review. Nutrients, 15(24), 5127. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245127

Straight, C. R., Dorfman, L. R., Cottell, K. E., Krol, J. M., Lofgren, I. E., & Delmonico, M. J. (2012). Effects of resistance training and dietary changes on physical function and body composition in overweight and obese older adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9(6), 875-883. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.6.875

Talegawkar, S. A., Bandinelli, S., Bandeen-Roche, K., Chen, P., Milaneschi, Y., Tanaka, T., Semba, r. D., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2012). A higher adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet is inversely associated with the development of frailty in community-dwelling elderly men and women. The Journal of nutrition, 142(12), 2161-2166. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.165498

Talegawkar, S. A., Jin, Y., Simonsick, E. M., Tucker, K. L., Ferrucci, L., & Tanaka, T. (2022). The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet is associated with physical function and grip strength in older men and women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 115(3), 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab310

Tong, T. Y., Key, T. J., Sobiecki, J. G., & Bradbury, K. E. (2018). Anthropometric and physiologic characteristics in white and British Indian vegetarians and nonvegetarians in the UK Biobank. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 107(6), 909-920. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy042

Tournadre, A., Vial, G., Capel, F., Soubrier, M., & Boirie, Y. (2019). Sarcopenia. Joint bone spine, 86(3), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.08.001

Trichopoulou, A. (2021). Mediterranean diet as intangible heritage of humanity: 10 years on. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31(7), 1943-1948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.04.011

Wallace, M. A., Aguirre, N. W., Marcotte, G. R., Marshall, A. G., Baehr, L. M., Hughes, D. C., Hamilton, K. L., Roberts, M. N., Lopez-Dominguez, J. A., Miller, B. F., Ramsey, J. J., & Baar, K. (2021). The ketogenic diet preserves skeletal muscle with aging in mice. Aging cell, 20(4), e13322. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13322

Wang, B., Wei, Y., Shao, L., Li, M., Zhang, X., Li, W., Zhao, S., Xia, X., & Liu, P. (2023). Association of dietary patterns and sarcopenia in the elderly population: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Aging, 4, 1239945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2023.1239945

Welch, A. A., Scott, J., Cameron, D., & Yates, M. (2025). Are dietary patterns relevant for reducing the risk of fractures and sarcopenia?. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 23(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-024-00899-7

Wizgier, D., Meng, Y., Das, A., Naganathan, V., Blyth, F., Le Couteur, D. G., Handelsman, D. J., Waite, L. M., Ribeiro, R. V., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., & Hirani, V. (2024). The association of dietary antioxidants and the inflammatory potential of the diet with poor physical function and disability in older Australian men: the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. British Journal of Nutrition, 131(9), 1528-1539. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114524000126

Wood, R. J., Gregory, S. M., Sawyer, J., Milch, C. M., Matthews, T. D., & Headley, S. A. (2012). Preservation of fat-free mass after two distinct weight loss diets with and without progressive resistance exercise. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 10(3), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2011.0104

Yu, X., Pu, H., & Voss, M. (2024). Overview of anti-inflammatory diets and their promising effects on non-communicable diseases. British Journal of Nutrition, 132(7), 898-918. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114524001405

Zheng, J., Chen, X., Peng, R., Li, B., Lin, Y., & Cai, X. (2025). DASH diet as a preventive strategy for sarcopenia: integrated observational and mendelian randomization analyses in US adults. Nutrition & Metabolism, 22(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-025-01021-z

Kitap Bölümü (PDF)
SARKOPENİ VE DİYET MODELLERİ: KAS SAĞLIĞININ KORUNMASINDA GÜNCEL BESLENME YAKLAŞIMLARI