İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNE KARŞI YEŞİL KALKAN: KÜÇÜK TANELİ TAHIL SİLAJLARI
Özet
Küresel iklim değişikliği, su kaynaklarının azalması ve kaliteli kaba yem açığının giderek artması, hayvancılık işletmelerinde alternatif yem kaynaklarının kullanımını zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda buğday, arpa, yulaf, çavdar ve tritikale gibi küçük taneli tahıllar, silaj üretiminde önemli bir alternatif olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu bölümde küçük taneli tahılların silajlık kullanım potansiyeli, farklı ülkelerdeki kullanım stratejileri, hasat dönemlerinin yem kalitesi üzerine etkileri, türlerin agronomik ve besleme özellikleri ile silaj fermantasyonu açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Küçük taneli tahılların düşük su gereksinimleri, kışa dayanıklılıkları, örtü bitkisi olarak kullanılabilmeleri ve farklı iklim koşullarına uyum sağlayabilmeleri nedeniyle sürdürülebilir hayvancılık sistemlerinde önemli bir rol üstlendikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca Zadoks büyüme skalasına göre farklı fenolojik dönemlerde gerçekleştirilen hasatların ham protein, lif fraksiyonları, sindirilebilirlik, nişasta içeriği ve kuru madde verimi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, silajlık kullanım açısından en uygun hasat döneminin geç süt olum ile yumuşak hamur olum evrelerini kapsayan GS 73–85 aralığı olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Bunun yanında silaj fermantasyonunun başarısında kuru madde düzeyi, sıkıştırma kalitesi, anaerobik ortamın sağlanması ve mikrobiyal inokulant kullanımının kritik öneme sahip olduğu belirtilmiştir. Sonuç olarak küçük taneli tahıl silajlarının, iklim değişikliğine uyum sağlayan, ekonomik ve sürdürülebilir kaba yem üretim sistemlerinin geliştirilmesinde stratejik bir araç olduğu değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Serin iklim tahılları, silaj, iklim değişikliği, biçim zamanları, kalite
Konu Alanı: Tarım Bilimleri -> Agronomi ve Bitkisel Üretim Bilimi -> Tarla Bitkileri Agronomisi ve Üretim Teknikleri
Alltech. (2026). Global feed survey and European crop resilience report. Alltech Insights.
András, B., Fițiu, A., Ács, P., Vasile, H., Racz, I. and Duda, M. (2024). The influence of sowing rate and foliar fertilization on the yield of some triticale varieties in the context of climate change in northwest Romania. Agriculture, 14(12), 2155. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122155
Álvarez-García, C. D., Arriaga-Jordán, C. M., Estrada-Flores, J. G. and López-González, F. (2023). Wheat or maize silage in feeding strategies for cows in small-scale dairy systems during the dry season. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 83(4), 398–407. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392023000400398
Ávila, C. L. S. and Carvalho, B. F. (2020). Silage fermentation updates focusing on conservation efficiency. Grass and Forage Science, 75(3), 251–264.
Barker, B., Cardon, G., Yost, M., Stock, M., Creech, E. and Gale, J. (2023). Managing saline and sodic soils and irrigation water. Utah State University Extension.
Bharti, A., Khajuria, V., Kumar, V., Sharma, B. C. and Radotra, S. (2023). Effect of cutting management on productivity, profitability and quality of dual purpose oat (Avena sativa) cultivars in Shiwalik foothill plains. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 93(11).
Celis-Álvarez, M. D., Medina-Gómez, Z., López-González, F., Arriaga-Jordán, C. M. and Ramírez, A. S. (2026). Respuesta a la inclusión de ensilado de centeno-triticale para vacas en sistemas de producción de leche en pequeña escala. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 29(1).
Carrillo-Hernández, S., Álverez-García, C. D., Velarde-Guillén, J., López-González, F. and Arriaga-Jordán, C. M. (2024). Effect of harvest date on botanical, morphological, and nutritional composition of mixed crops of small-grain cereals for silage. Agro Productividad, 17(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v17i2.2689
Carrillo-Hernández, S., López-González, F., Velarde-Guillén, J. and Arriaga-Jordán, C. M. (2023). Small-grain forage mixtures for silage: Yield and botanical, morphological and chemical composition. International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 50(3), 98–110. https://doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v50i3.2483
Costanzo, A. and Bàrberi, P. (2013). Functional agrobiodiversity and agroecosystem services in sustainable wheat production. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(2), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0178-1
Cui, L., Xu, L., Wang, H., Fan, X., Yan, C., Zhang, Y., Jiang, C., Zhou, T., Guo, Q., Sun, Y., Yang, F. and Li, H. (2025). Evaluation of dual-purpose triticale: Grain and forage productivity and quality under semi-arid conditions. Agronomy, 15(4), 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040881
Distel, R. A., Arroquy, J. I., Lagrange, S. and Villalba, J. J. (2020). Designing diverse agricultural pastures for improving ruminant production systems. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.596869
Ferreira, G., Teets, C. L., Galyon, H., Cappellina, A. L., Schultz, M. E., Payne, K. M., Stewart, S. L. and Thomason, W. E. (2025). Effect of maturity at harvest of small-grain grasses on the nutritional composition of forage and ration formulation. Journal of Dairy Science, 108(5), 4934–4945. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-26020
Galyon, H., Robinson, L., Corl, B. A., Payne, K. M., Stewart, S., Thomason, W. E. and Ferreira, G. (2026). Production performance, nutrient digestibility, and enteric methane emissions of lactating Holstein cows fed triticale silage of different maturities in different dietary forage inclusions. Journal of Dairy Science, 109(3), 2621–2634. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-27138
Gökkuş, A., and Hanoğlu Oral, H. (2022). An Important Forage Source for Animals: Small Grain Pastures. Acta Natura et Scientia, 3(1), https://doi.org/10.29329/actanatsci.2022.351.01
Jatkauskas, J., Vrotniakienė, V., Amaral, R. C. D., Witt, K. L. and Cappellozza, B. I. (2024). Influence of ensiling timing and inoculation on whole plant maize silage fermentation and aerobic stability. Plants, 13(20), 2894. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202894
Jedel, P. E., Helm, J. H., & Burnett, P. A. (1998). Yield, quality and stress tolerance of barley mixtures in central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 78(3), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.4141/P97-137
Karaevli, A. ve Baytekin, H. (2018). Farklı vejetasyon dönemlerinde hasat edilen serin iklim tahıl silajlarının yem değeri ve fermantasyon özellikleri. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(3), 241–250.
Karnatam, K. S., Mythri, B. A., Nisa, W. U., Sharma, H., Meena, T. K., Rana, P., Vikal, Y., Gowda, M., Dhillon, B. S. and Sandhu, S. (2023). Silage maize as a potent candidate for sustainable animal husbandry development—perspectives and strategies for genetic enhancement. Frontiers in Genetics, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1150132
Kchaou, R., Youssef, S. B., Jebari, S., Harbaoui, K. and Berndtsson, R. (2022). Forage potential of cereal–legume mixtures as an adaptive climate change strategy under low input systems. Sustainability, 15(1), 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010338
Keshri, J., Chen, Y., Pinto, R., Kroupitski, Y., Weinberg, Z. G. and Sela, S. (2019). Bacterial dynamics of wheat silage. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01532
Kılıç, A. (1997). Silo yemi (Tekniği, biyokimyası, mikrobiyolojisi, kalitesi). Bilgehan Basımevi.
Kızılşimşek, M. (2005). Farklı karışım oranlarında ekilen serin iklim tahılları ve baklagillerinin ot verimi ile silaj kalitesinin belirlenmesi. KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 8(1), 45–54.
Kleinschmit, D. H. and Kung, L. (2006). A meta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(10), 4005–4013. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72444-4
Kung, L., & Shaver, R. 2001. Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports. Focus on Forage, 3(13): 1–5.
Kung, L., Shaver, R.D., Grant, R.J., & Schmidt, R.J. 2018. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. Journal of Dairy Science, 101: 4020–4033. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909
Li, W., Xiao, Q., Fang, Z., Zheng, Q., Li, H. and Li, Z. (2025). The half-heading stage may represent the optimal harvest time for the first cut of tall wheatgrass. Agronomy, 15(4), 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040763
Liu, W., Zhao, L., Chen, Y., Shen, Y., Luo, Z., Chen, Y., Evans, A. C. O. and Bu, D. (2023). Soil properties and silage quality in response to oat and pea seeding ratios and harvest stage on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1182774
Ma, J., Dai, H., Liu, H. and Du, W. (2022). Effects of cutting stages and additives on the fermentation quality of triticale, rye and oat silage in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Agronomy, 12, 3113. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123113
Martínez–Moreno, F., Özberk, İ., Özberk, F. and Solís, I. (2025). Triticale in Mediterranean cereal farming: Opportunity or reality? Agronomy, 15(9), 2175.
Matsuyama, H. and Kim, J. G. (2025). Forage rice production. Y. Cai and K. Ataku (Ed.), Cultural history and modern production technology of silage içinde. Springer Nature.
Matt, Y., Baker, M., Creech, E., Clawson, J., Pace, M., Taylor, K., Farnsworth, C., Hadfield, J., Ransom, C., Price, S., Nischwitz, C. and Anderson, C. (2026). Small grain forage production guide. Digital Commons - Utah State University Extension.
Mohajer, S. (2012). Effect of different harvest time on yield and forage quality of three varieties of common millet (Panicum miliaceum). Scientific Research and Essays, 7(34).
Muck, R. E., Kung, L., Jr. and Collins, M. (2020). Silage production. K. J. Moore and ark. (Ed.), Forages: The science of grassland agriculture (Cilt II, 7. baskı, s. 767-787) içinde. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Nadeau, E. (2007). Effects of plant species, stage of maturity and additive on the feeding value of whole‐crop cereal silage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(5), 789–801.
Niazi, I. A. K., Aslam, M. A., Nadeem, M., Hanif, M., Hayat, S., Ahmed, R., Jamil, M., Basit, A., Hussain, A., Raza, A., Ahmad, G., Khan, A. A., Kalyar, M. T. A. and Raza, S. (2023). Barkat: A new high fodder yielding oat (Avena sativa L.) variety with better nutritional value. Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology, 20(2), 185–191.
Nielsen, C., Stødkilde, L., Jørgensen, U. and Lærke, P. E. (2021). Effects of harvest and fertilization frequency on protein yield and extractability from flood-tolerant perennial grasses cultivated on a fen peatland. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9.
Pandey, J., Spackman, J. A., Sagers, J., Findlay, R. and Bevan, J. (2025). Optimizing small grain forage yield, nutrient composition, and economics via strategic harvest timing. Agronomy Journal, 117(2), e70051.
Romero, J. J., Zhao, Y., Balseca-Paredes, M. A., Tiezzi, F., Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez, E. and Castillo, M. S. (2017). Laboratory silo type and inoculation effects on nutritional composition, fermentation, and bacterial and fungal communities of oat silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(3), 1812–1828.
Rossi, L. G., Andrade, M. E. B., Rabêlo, C. H. S., Siqueira, G. R., Vicente, E. F., Silva, W. L. D., Silva, M. M. and Reis, R. A. (2023). Flint corn silage management: influence of maturity stage, inoculation with Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and storage time on fermentation pattern, aerobic stability, and nutritional characteristics. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14.
Sadreddine, B. (2016). Yield and quality of dual-purpose barley and triticale in a semi-arid environment in Tunisia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(30), 2730–2735.
Sartin, A. M., Calus, K. J., Grabau, M. T., Kuhn, A. K., Drewnoski, M. E. and Redfearn, D. D. (2023). Effect of species and maturity on small grain silage yield and quality. Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports, 48-51.
Serva, L., Marchesini, G., Magrin, L., Peker, A. and Segato, S. (2024). The effects of harvesting period and inoculant on second-crop maize silage fermentative quality. Agronomy, 14(5), 982.
Shayakhmetova, A., Bakirov, A., Savenkova, I., Nasiyev, B., Akhmetov, M., Useinov, A., Temirbulatova, A., Zhanatalapov, N., Bekkaliyev, A., Mukanova, F. and Auzhanova, M. (2024). Optimization of productivity of fodder crops with green conveyor system in the context of climate instability in the North Kazakhstan region. Sustainability, 16(20), 9024.
Simons, A. R. (2025). Small cereal grain silage producer practices and key factors to consider for operations (Yüksek lisans tezi). University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Tabacco, E., Righi, F., Quarantelli, A. and Borreani, G. (2011). Dry matter and nutritional losses during aerobic deterioration of corn and sorghum silages as influenced by different lactic acid bacteria inocula. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(3), 1409–1419.
Tóthi, R., Orosz, S., Somfalvi‐Tóth, K., Babinszky, L. and Halas, V. (2024). Effect of climate change on strategy of forage feeding in cattle farms under dry continental conditions. Veterinary Medicine and Science içinde. IntechOpen.
Vega-García, J. I., López-González, F., Morales-Almaráz, E. and Arriaga-Jordán, C. M. (2022). Secondary growth rye or triticale silage: Small-grain cereals as a dual-purpose forage option for small-scale dairy systems in the highlands of Mexico. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 83(1), 31–42.
Wang, S., Zhang, Q., Sun, L., Pang, H., Li, P. and Khan, N. A. (2024). Editorial: Evaluation of preharvest and postharvest factors on forage crop quality, physiology, and ensiling characteristics. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1421788.
Xie, Z., and ark. (2012). Nutritional value optimization of boot stage small grain silages. Journal of Dairy Science Research, 28(1), 44–52.
Xu, L., Tang, G., Wu, D., Han, Y., and Zhang, J. (2024). Effects of tillage and maturity stage on the yield, nutritive composition, and silage fermentation quality of whole-crop wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15.
Yıldız, S., Deniz, S., Özkan, F. and Kale, Ç. (2022). Forage turnip (Brassica rapa) harvested in different phases of vegetative stage and ensiled with the additives of molasses and barley and the effects of additives on silage quality, in vitro digestibility, and energy content. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 46(3), 475–482.
Yimin, C. and Kazuo, A. (2025). Cultural history and modern production technology of silage. Springer Nature.
Zamora-Juárez, Y. G., Arias-Ávila, M., Arriaga-Jordán, C. M., Martínez‐García, C. G. and López-González, F. (2024). Urea treatment of mature whole-crop cereal mixtures as salvage forage for small-scale dairy systems in the dry season. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 27(2).
Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T., Kozank, C.F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research 14, 415-421.
Erbaş Köse, Ö. D., MUT, Z., Mut, H., & ARİS, D. (2026). İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNE KARŞI YEŞİL KALKAN: KÜÇÜK TANELİ TAHIL SİLAJLARI. In KÖPRÜCÜ, K. & KÖPRÜCÜ, S. (Eds.), Ekosistem Temelli Üretim: Ziraat, Ormancılık ve Su Ürünleri | Ecosystem-Based Production: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (pp. 11-31). Vizetek Yayıncılık.
| Kitap: |
| Yayınevi:
Vizetek Yayıncılık |