İSTİLACI TÜRLER: BİYOÇEŞİTLİLİK VE KORUMA BİYOLOJİSİ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Özet
İstilacı türler, küresel değişimlerin hızlanması ve insan faaliyetlerinin ekosistemler üzerindeki etkisinin artmasıyla birlikte, günümüzün önemli ekolojik sorunlarından biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu türlerin biyolojik çeşitlilik, ekosistem işleyişi, ekonomi ve insan sağlığı üzerinde doğrudan veya dolaylı etkileri bulunmakta ve söz konusu etkiler, ekolojik ve sosyoekonomik sistemlerde birbirini tetikleyen sonuçlar doğurarak bir “domino etkisi” oluşturabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bir türün doğal yayılış alanında herhangi bir olumsuz etki göstermemesi, yeni bir çevreye taşındığında benzer bir davranış sergileyeceği anlamına gelmemektedir. Bu durum, türlerin yeni ortamlarda istilacı özelliklerini ortaya çıkarmalarını sağlayan ekolojik ve biyolojik mekanizmaların anlaşılmasını önemli bir araştırma konusu hâline getirmektedir. İstilacı türlerin yeni habitatlara başarılı bir şekilde yerleşmelerinde; yüksek üreme kapasitesi, çevresel tolerans, hızlı yayılma, kaynakları etkin kullanma ve yeni koşullara uyum sağlama gibi özelliklerin yanı sıra, istilaya uğrayan ekosistemlerin direnç ve dayanıklılık düzeyleri de belirleyici olabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, “Bir tür yeni bir ortama neden ve nasıl yayılır?” ve “Yeni ortamda hangi mekanizmalar aracılığıyla yerel türler ve ekosistemler üzerinde baskı oluşturur?” soruları, istila ekolojisinin temel araştırma alanları arasında yer almakta ve halen gerçekleştirilen birçok araştırmanın kilit noktalarını oluşturmaktadır. İstilacı türler, giderek artan bir şekilde; biyolojik çeşitliliğe yönelik başlıca tehditlerden ve küresel değişimin temel itici güçlerinden biri olarak görülmekte; ekolojik araştırmalar için ise hem acil bir ihtiyaç hem de eşsiz bir araç olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu sebeple istila bilimi son on yıl içinde ciddi bir ivme yakalayarak büyüme katetmiştir. Bu derlemede; istilacılık kavramı ve istilacı türlerin temel özellikleri, istilaların oluşum ve yayılma süreçleri, türlerin yeni ortamlara taşınma yolları ile biyolojik çeşitlilik ve koruma biyolojisi üzerindeki etkileri farklı araştırmalar ışığında ele alınmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca istilacı türlerin hassas ve endemik türler, korunan alanlar ve ekosistemlerin dayanıklılığı üzerindeki olası sonuçları incelenerek, istilaların izlenmesi, önlenmesi ve etkin biçimde yönetilmesine yönelik yaklaşımlar genel bir çerçevede ortaya konmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: istilacı, küresel değişim, biyoçeşitlilik, ekosistem, domino etkisi
Konu Alanı: Biyoloji -> Biyoloji (diğer) -> Biyoloji
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